In many states, employment termination laws expand federal laws for additional protections to employees. These laws govern wages, commissions, and hiring/firing of employees. Common law is also a significant source of employment law in most states.
Some examples would be a claim for wrongful termination, the applicability of the "employment-at-will" doctrine, and the enforceability of post-termination restrictive covenants. Additionally, non-competes, non-solicitations of employees and customers, and confidential information are included.
The primary federal employment laws include:
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1991
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
- Equal Pay Act of 1963
- Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA)
- Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA)
- Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
- National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA)
- Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 (OSH)
- Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
- Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 2008 (GINA)
- Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)
- Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)
- Executive Order 11246 for government contractors
Keeping these policies and company guidelines in mind can help employers and employees avoid wrongful termination claims.
How Do I Know If I Have a Claim for Wrongful Termination?
Most likely, you are an at-will employee. In an at-will employment contract, your employer can fire you anytime. It also means that you are free to resign at any time. Generally, at-will employment is not subject to wrongful termination, and many factors determine whether you have a claim, including:
- What happened?
- What employer did you work for?
- Where did you work (location)?
States have different laws regarding wrongful termination. For example, Virginia courts do not recognize claims for wrongful termination based on gender identity discrimination, but D.C. courts do.
Moreover, the strength of your case is determined mainly by the quality of your evidence. There is a good chance that an employer won't admit to firing someone illegally. For an employee to prove wrongful termination, the employer's stated reasons must be false and the valid reasons illegal.
However, no foolproof test determines whether an employee was wrongfully terminated. Depending on the applicable law, your employment contract, and the specific facts and evidence in your case, an employment law attorney can make an assessment.
An employee removed from federal service because of discrimination has 30 days to file an appeal with the U.S Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). In contrast, a private-sector employee may file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) within 180 days of termination.
Termination Laws By State
State Laws on Employment Termination Letters
Depending on the state in which an employer operates, regulations may govern the separation process. An employment termination letter or separation notice informs the employee that they are eligible to file for unemployment benefits and, in some cases, the state agency about the employee's separation information.
The following table has a summary of states that have forms or procedures to this end.
| State | Employment Separation Notice Status |
|---|---|
| Arizona | UIB-1241A |
| California | (DE 2320) sample notice |
| Colorado | State's Department of Labor and Employment provides a form |
| Connecticut | Form UC-61 Unemployment Separation Package |
| Georgia | Separation Notice |
| Illinois | Form CLI111L |
| Iowa | Notice of Separation Form 60-0154, https://uiclaims.iwd.iowa.gov/EmployerSeparation |
| Louisiana | Separation Notice (LWC-77) |
| Maryland | Notice Of Unemployment Availability |
| Massachusetts | Form 0590-A |
| Michigan | Form IA 1711 |
| Mississippi | Report a separation or refusal of work through the state's website here |
| Missouri | Form M-INF-288-5 |
| Nevada | Notice DETR-ESD |
| New Jersey | Form BC-10 |
| New York | Form IA12.3 |
| Pennsylvania | Form UC-1609 |
| Rhode Island | The notice can be found here |
| South Carolina | Notification of the Availability of Unemployment Insurance Benefits |
| Tennessee | Form LB-0489 |
The contents of these letters may need to follow a particular template in some cases. In some states, employers must complete a termination form and present it to the terminated employee. States require different separation notice requirements, so employers should know what they are, where they can access them, and when they must be provided.
Helpful Resources:
In many states, employment termination laws expand federal laws for additional protections to employees. These laws govern wages, commissions, and hiring/firing of employees. Common law is also a significant source of employment law in most states.
Some examples would be a claim for wrongful termination, the applicability of the "employment-at-will" doctrine, and the enforceability of post-termination restrictive covenants. Additionally, non-competes, non-solicitations of employees and customers, and confidential information are included.
The primary federal employment laws include:
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1991
- Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
- Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
- Equal Pay Act of 1963
- Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA)
- Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA)
- Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
- National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (NLRA)
- Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 (OSH)
- Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978
- Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 2008 (GINA)
- Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA)
- Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA)
- Executive Order 11246 for government contractors
Keeping these policies and company guidelines in mind can help employers and employees avoid wrongful termination claims.
How Do I Know If I Have a Claim for Wrongful Termination?
Most likely, you are an at-will employee. In an at-will employment contract, your employer can fire you anytime. It also means that you are free to resign at any time. Generally, at-will employment is not subject to wrongful termination, and many factors determine whether you have a claim, including:
- What happened?
- What employer did you work for?
- Where did you work (location)?
States have different laws regarding wrongful termination. For example, Virginia courts do not recognize claims for wrongful termination based on gender identity discrimination, but D.C. courts do.
Moreover, the strength of your case is determined mainly by the quality of your evidence. There is a good chance that an employer won't admit to firing someone illegally. For an employee to prove wrongful termination, the employer's stated reasons must be false and the valid reasons illegal.
However, no foolproof test determines whether an employee was wrongfully terminated. Depending on the applicable law, your employment contract, and the specific facts and evidence in your case, an employment law attorney can make an assessment.
An employee removed from federal service because of discrimination has 30 days to file an appeal with the U.S Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). In contrast, a private-sector employee may file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) within 180 days of termination.
Termination Laws By State
State Laws on Employment Termination Letters
Depending on the state in which an employer operates, regulations may govern the separation process. An employment termination letter or separation notice informs the employee that they are eligible to file for unemployment benefits and, in some cases, the state agency about the employee's separation information.
The following table has a summary of states that have forms or procedures to this end.
| State | Employment Separation Notice Status |
|---|---|
| Arizona | UIB-1241A |
| California | (DE 2320) sample notice |
| Colorado | State's Department of Labor and Employment provides a form |
| Connecticut | Form UC-61 Unemployment Separation Package |
| Georgia | Separation Notice |
| Illinois | Form CLI111L |
| Iowa | Notice of Separation Form 60-0154, https://uiclaims.iwd.iowa.gov/EmployerSeparation |
| Louisiana | Separation Notice (LWC-77) |
| Maryland | Notice Of Unemployment Availability |
| Massachusetts | Form 0590-A |
| Michigan | Form IA 1711 |
| Mississippi | Report a separation or refusal of work through the state's website here |
| Missouri | Form M-INF-288-5 |
| Nevada | Notice DETR-ESD |
| New Jersey | Form BC-10 |
| New York | Form IA12.3 |
| Pennsylvania | Form UC-1609 |
| Rhode Island | The notice can be found here |
| South Carolina | Notification of the Availability of Unemployment Insurance Benefits |
| Tennessee | Form LB-0489 |
The contents of these letters may need to follow a particular template in some cases. In some states, employers must complete a termination form and present it to the terminated employee. States require different separation notice requirements, so employers should know what they are, where they can access them, and when they must be provided.
Helpful Resources:
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